1
2
  -2023
.. 

( -II:     )
: 3     : 70
:             
     
     
-
1.                
  ?
2.  ,          
      
-
3.   ?   -   ?         
4.            
2
2
-
5.               
    
6.            ?          
               
 -
7.         ?         
8.   ?         ?      
3
2
  -2023
..  

( -II:     )
: 3     : 70
:             
     
     
-
1.                
  ?
:  :   
       ,          
              (   
  
 ) 
 ,     ,     ,  
' 30             
  , ,   ,         
                    
     ,            
   
,    
     ,     - 
        
      
1. :        ,    
   
   ,       
    ,           
             
   ,          
4
2
2.   :       ,      
 ,            
           ,    
       ,      

3.   :   '         
         ,        
     ,   ,     
         
4.  :         ,
      '          ,  
     '       , 

          ,    

 
5.  :           ,  
            
  
  ,           
         
6.   :        
 ,            ,   
     ,        
           ,  
            
    
               , 
"",            ,    , 
              :
1. :        
       
                 
( )       ,        ,
        '      ,    
               ,   
,     
: ,      ,      ,   
      ,       
5
2
2.  ():  
 ,           

  '     ,     
     
 ,        ,         ,  
        
:     ,       ,   
        
3.   ()  :,           
 '   
             
 ,     '         
 ,     (    )       ,
        
:             
   ,     ,     ,    
    
4.   :               
                 ,
       ,      (
 
 )  
 ,      ,    
   ( )   
 
:           
 ,
      ,          
   
5.   :       '        
        '    ,     
      ,    ,   
 
 ,    ,    ,  


:  -           
   ,       
6.  ():   ,   ,     , 
               
 ,   -           (   
 ),      ,      
    
   (  ),   
 ,   ,     , 
     
6
2
:
          '   , 
      

 ,         
7.   :     
,    ,  
          
   ,         
 , 
            
 
:  
           
 ,         

 ,       ,        
 -  -             ,
 ,       -       
 - , ,   ,   ,  ,     
-               ,
         ,     
   ,           
 
2.  ,          
      
:  , ,      
  ,               , 
  -         , , 
          ,       
 -         :
1.  
       
      
      ,    ,    
              ,  
    
 ,      
 
  
7
2
:              
       ,           

    :
 :     
     
 () :            

 :      
    
2.   
     
            
    ""  "   "    ,    '
   '      
    :       '  
(),        (  ),     ()  
       
:  
     ,         
  ,               
      
                
 ,                
3.   
                 
            ,         
    
          
  ,   
       
:       
 ,    
           ,     
          
       
        
           ,     
 
8
2
  :

 

  

    
      

     
   

  (, ,
)
   '  
  
    






, ,    
 
    
  
      
   

     
      

     
 
     
   '  (    )    
    
 '  ,   
,            
1.       
             ,    
   '  '  

  ':      '  ,       
             '   
 ':        ,      ,  
            ,     
  
                   
   
2.      
        -  '         ,
          
9
2
    :      ,     
      ,       
    :      ,    
  ,      ,     
      ,           
         
3.   
         
   ,     
       
:  ,      ,       
       ,        
 :     ,           
    ,          
4.    
  ,   ,      ,        
    
  :      ,     
 ,
       ,        
 :      ,       '  
'   ,       
5.   
 (0°  23.5° N/S):              
   '         
  (23.5°  66.5° /):      
 ,       
   (66.5°  90° /):       ,  
   ,        

                 
  
           ,   
 
            ,    
            , ,   
10
2
      ,        -  - 
    
 
 -
3.   ?   -   ?         
: :    ,    
  ?
     
         '   
 
, , ,   -          ,  
   ,    ,          
    
           ,    
              ,       
   ,              ,  
     '   
  - 
      '  -         :
1. 
o      
o                 
     
 
o    (0°C  32°F)          
o :     ,         
2. 
o                 
    
o          ,       
o :       
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3. 
o 
   
o      
   '      '  

o :      
4. 
o            
    
 ,         
o         
  '      -
     
o :   ,        
5.  
o 
            
o 
-      
    
o :     -  ,    
   
     
      
        ,     
           ,   ,   
   '   
1.   (   )
    ,       
 
        ,       
     ,      
      
:            
 
 
2.    ( :    )
          
         ()      
:           ,      
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3.   (   )
            


    ,     
:       25    
 
4.   (      )
30°  45°         
,    ,      
:,         
5.   (   )
        
      ,      '     
  
: ,       ,    
  
6.    (
  )
           
    ,         
:              
  
    
-           :
1. 
o               
 
 
o    ,       
2. 
o   '          
o :        
13
2
3.    
o            
o    ,     
       
4.   
o      ,  -      
o :          
 
5.   
o     
 ,      
o    
 ,       
6.   
o          
 
o          

         ,  ,    
             , ,   
     ' -             , 
                 
 ,               
     
      , 
        
                
    
4.            
:      
          
    
,   , ,            
     ,           
     ,     ,          
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,   -          


              
   '               
  ,              ,
           , ,  
          
    ?
                 
  ,            
  ,           
  -   ,      ,      - 

    
       ,   '        
,    20°            :
1.     :       
   
   - 26.5°C ( 80°F)         
2.    :          ,  
    - ,      ,   '   
 
 
3.   :              

     
    ,       , 
     ,       , 
  ,   
  
4.  :      -     ,  
               , 
  '    
5.   : -      ,      , 
    ,     ,      ,   
  ,       ,          
 
    
      -         
:
15
2
1. :   ,   '             
     ,     
2.   :   -  ,            
       
3.   :      ,           
       
4.  :    -  ,        
   ,     
 
      
            ,    
        :
1. :               
    ,     ,     , 
   
2.   :         '   ,  
    ,    ,       
        ,         
    
3.   :          ,     
                ,
   
            

4. 
:      
 ,      
  
       ,       

    
     '          
     ,        '     
       :
1.  :           200    (124
  )            ,  
        
16
2
2. :          ,      
         
 ,     
 
3. :         ,    
 
             
4. -  :        ,  
         ,   
    
5.  :             
  ,           ,  
       ,        
     
1.   (2019):             ,
   ,    ,   1,000   
      
2.   (2005):         ,  
          ,     1,800
         
3.   (2013):        ,   
         ,   315    (195
  )       ,   6,000   


 ,            '  
            ,      
 
     ,          
,   ,             
         '   ,       
      
        ,        ,
                
                
 
17
2
-
5.               
    
: 
  '      
        
 ,   ,        , , , , 
            '   ,
           
 
     71%      ,      
       ,    
           ,       
     
         |
          ,          
 :
1. :
o             : , ,
,           71% 
 
o           '       -
    ,       
2. :
o    '           3,800
 (12,500 ) ,         
o        ,        
  -    ,      ,  
     
3. :
o -              
           35  
18
2
o      -         
       ,       
         
4.   :
o         
   '   
  
 ,  -   
o               
       ,       
  
5. :
o        ,         
,   ,          
 
o      ,        
,   ,      
     
          
     ,
         ,   , ,     
     -     , 
     
1.  :
o        ,      200 
(656 )              
            
o    '     ,        
           
2.  :
o       ,          
               
o        ,        
  10,000  (32,808 )        
      
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3.  :
o       ,     3,000  6,000  (9,843 
19,685 )   '            
         
o           ,   
          
    -  
4. -  :
o -               
         ,     
    
     
o    -    -  ,   
               
5.   :
o                  
              
     ,   11,000  (36,000 )   
o   , 
 ,          
                
 
6. 
 :
o 
                 
          -
     
o  -  
         
 , 
           ,  
         
   
    
7.     :
o -   ,           
         
            ,
        -      
  
20
2
8.  :
o                
              
  , 
          
         

       ,         
             
  , ,
             
 ,      -      
 
  , ,         
  ,               
               , 
            -   
6.            ?          
               
:          
,       70%    ,       
     ,      ,      
          :
1.  :           ,   ,
              
  ,              ' 
   ,          
 , 
       
2. - :         ,    
     
 ,       - ,    
   ,         
  
21
2
    ' -      ,     
 
3.     :        
                ' 
  
   ,           ,

 
        
4.   :         

  ,    ,       
  
,  ,    ,          
    '     ,    

            |
                  
 
 :
1. :         
 
     ,        ,    
    ,  ',         
          ,       

:            (   ) 
       (30°C )  
2.   :     ,           
         ,     (  
  )        - 
 
   ,    '   ,      
  
3.  :          
,        ,   ,     
 ,            
4.   :         -     
    ,      -   -
   ,           
5. :          
 ,
             ( ,
22
2
   '  ),           ,  
       ,     
6.  :       '       
               
  ,                
,              
         
        -  ,       
 '          :
1.  :        ,        
            ' 26°C  30°C   
    ,    -      
       
:           ' 28°C  30°C    
2.   - :    ,        ',   
            
    
     ' 24°C  26°C         
    ,         
 
:             24°C  26°C
  
3.  : - 
     (30°  60°   )  
 ,         ,       '
12°C  22°C             ,
    
:  ,      -   -, 
    '   ,   10°C  15°C    16°C  20°C  

4.   : ',            
       ,        
  ,         
   
       
:  -     C    ,   
   C  -C   
23
2
5.     :          
 
            
   ,            
,             

 ,        
:            
 ,  
     ,       '

              , - ,
 ,          ,    
                  
,         ,     ,  
             ,
            
-
7.         ?         
:       |
      ,          
     
        ,
                
    '   
1. 
                   
              ;   
           ,        ,
     
  :
               , 
   
24
2
                -
    ,            
 
  :
 : ,          
         

 :              
 '              

 :     '  ,        ' 
       
         
    ,         ,     

  :
  '          ,       
          
  :
 :          ,   -
   
  :    ()   ()        
   
 :               
2.   
                  
 ,       ,         
  
    :
        ,    :
: ,        ,   
   '         ,     
 
25
2
   ( ):  ,     
              
             
    :          
 
  ,          ,   , 
      ,      
 :         
 ,   
   ,     
    :
 :       ,         
 ,        -  
              
   :             
,                 
           
    :
       ,        -  
               
    :
:     -   , -       
   ,         ,  5    (8
  )     
:      ,    '       

  ,    ,          , 
 ,    ,        
       |
          ,   ,  
 '       
1.   :
s:  - '         '    
       ,   ,     -  
:             '     
  
,          
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2.  :
:      '   
        
     
:     ,   ,       
   
 
3.   :
:            ( '
)    (  ) '   ,     '   
       
:    ,            
  ,       ,      
4.   ' :
:   ,     ,       
              '  '
 
:     '     ,   
       ,       
,         
5. :
:               
      '   
:   '     ,        
  ,           '   

 ,        ,   -  

              ,  
,                
         , 
   
     , ,           
    
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8.   ?         ?      
::  -
                 
 -       ,         
  
     '       ,    '  
           ,  
   ,           
 
  ',      
          
 ,       - -       
            '       
    ,       ,        
    ,      
         


    
      -  -       
          :
1.    : 
       ,   ' 23°C
 29°C                  
             -  
  ,          
2.  :      
      
'   ,             
               
   ,            50 
      
3.  :        ,   ' 20   50
  ,       
       

              
               
   
4. :         - ,   '  
 32  42              
       -      
28
2
5.    :     -    
     ,       
    
  ,      
6.    :         
  ,   -,       
         ,       
      
    
                     
       :
1. - :   , ,      
    ,             ,
              

 ,    75%   -    
2.  :  ,   ,      
-,             ,     
         
3.  :    ,          
,               
                
4.   :              ,
               , 
     ,        
 
5.  :          ,   
,           ,    
   ,        
    
     
;         
              , ,
,                ' 
   ,        1,500   ,  
 411      
                 

       
 ,    ,     
          ,     
29
2
     
          -
 -     '   ,     -    
   '   
      
          ,       
                
          , ,   
              ,  
                  
       ,       '
   
          ,     
 ,
  ,          ,    
 -- ,           
       
          
   
  

          
    
      -   ,      
             '    - 
  ,           ,   
           
 
,            ,   
              
:            ( )      
         , 
         